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The "Stand By Your Ad" provision (SBYA) of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA, also known as McCain–Feingold Act), enacted in 2002, requires candidates in the United States for federal political office, as well as interest groups and political parties supporting or opposing a candidate, to include in political advertisements on television and radio "a statement by the candidate that identifies the candidate and states that the candidate has approved the communication." The provision was intended to force political candidates running any campaign for office in the United States to associate themselves with their television and radio advertising, thereby discouraging them from making controversial claims or attack ads.〔David Mark, ''Going Dirty: The Art of Negative Campaigning'' (2009). Rowman & Littlefield: pp. 159–160.〕〔John F. Bibby and Brian F. Schaffner, ''Politics, Parties, and Elections in America'' (2007). Cengage Learning: p. 266.〕〔Sarah A. Binder and Paul J. Quirk, ''The Legislative Branch'' (2006). Oxford University Press: pp. 139–140.〕 In American politics, "I approve this message" (sometimes in the past tense, also with "authorize" in place of "approve" or with "ad" instead of "message") is a phrase said by candidates for federal office to comply with this provision. The DISCLOSE Act, proposed by Democrats in a response to the Supreme Court decision in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'' (which held that corporations and labor unions have a constitutional right to spend unlimited sums of money on advocacy ads), would have required the heads of non-campaign organizations funding political advertisements (such as "super PACs" or corporations) to appear on-camera and follow the "stand by your ad" requirement. Although the bill passed the House of Representatives, it failed in the Senate and did not become law.〔Dennis W. Johnson, ''Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century: A Whole New Ballgame?'' (2011). Taylor & Francis: p. 35.〕〔Wayne Overbeck and Genelle Belmas, ''Major Principles of Media Law'' (2011, 12th ed.). Cengage Learning: p. 573.〕 ==Purpose and origins== Attack ads that criticize an opponent's political platform quickly rose to popularity in United States since the 1960s. In more recent times these ads became increasingly ad hominem attacks, some of them appearing to be anonymous, that discouraged voters. Proponents of the Stand By Your Ad provision, such as Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) who sponsored the provision in the BCRA, advocate that by forcing candidates to associate themselves with their attacks in the ads, voters would be more inclined to punish them for using such a strategy, thus discouraging candidates from campaigning in such a manner. The earliest roots of the provision can be traced to the 1996 Senate election in Minnesota, where a grassroots movement known as "Minnesota Compact" attempted to combat negative campaigning that was rampant in the state, though what was proposed remained voluntary.〔 〕 In 1999, the "Stand By Your Ad" provision was brought up again, this time in the 1999 North Carolina General Assembly. The "Campaign Reform Act" S.881 was ratified and signed into state law on 21 July 1999.〔 This required candidates or its campaign committee (in this example, for television ads) to: Following the perceived success of the "Stand By Your Ad" provision in North Carolina state law in reducing negative campaigning, similar measures were introduced into other state legislatures. Two years later, a bill was introduced in Congress to extend this provision to Federal law. It was eventually absorbed into the BCRA, which addressed the issue of financing of political campaigns, that was signed into law by George W. Bush on March 27, 2002. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stand by Your Ad provision」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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